Sewing machine with chain stitch cutter



Dec. 18, 1951 F. VANAD!A SEWING MACHINE WITH CHAIN STITCH CUTTER 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Nov. 12, 1948 I I fi l I/ I TM H? I. I 0 w a. 3 ICIWIJ\ Q.\. I 6 l H M 6 "H I mm P lm a. 2 WM 0 w H lwl 3 i 6 l n 3 Q /nvenfQ r Hank l onadm By his attorneys Dec. 18, 1951 F. VANADIA SEWING MACHINE WITH CHAIN STITCl-i CUTTER 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Nov. 12, 1948 //7 venfor Fran/r l anad/a By his affor'neys F'. VANADIA SEWING MACHINE WITH CHAIN STITCH CUTTER Dec. 18, 1951 3' Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Nov. .12, 1948 Frahk Vandd/a Patented Dec. 18, 1951 SEWING MACHINE WITH CHAIN STITCH CUTTER Frank Vanadia, Mount Vernon, N. Y.

Application November 12, 1948, Serial No. 59,561

This invention relates to a sewing machine with chain stitch cutter and more particularly to automatic mechanism for cutting chain stitches between spaced articles.

It has heretofore been known to provide automatic mechanism to cut chain stitches between separate spaced articles being sewn, but these prior mechanisms have not functioned properly. The majority of them did not cut the chain of stitches both after the finishing of the sewing of one article and shortly before the beginning of the sewing of the next article. Also, they did not have a range of adaptability to different materials and they were not sufficiently positive in action.

My improved mechanism for cutting the chain stitch is characterized by the fact that it has two cutter blades, both of which are movable. The lower blade operates continuously in specially timed relation to the sewing and workadvancing cycle of the machine so that it does not injure the articles being stitched. The upper blade moves into a fixed position where the lower blade will be effective whenever there is no work under the presser foot. My mechanism is of the type which depends for its action on the presence or absence of fabric between the foot and the feeder, the cutting taking place whenever the foot drops down onto the level of the work plate.

The invention will be shown embodied in a Merrow chain stitch sewing machine with curved needle, but it should be understood the invention is applicable to any chain stitch sewing machine.

In the drawings- Figure 1 is a view in elevation of the pertinent parts of a chain stitch sewing machine embodying my invention, shown from the left end of the machine, i. e., in a plane parallel to the length of the presser foot and feeder. The parts are shown in operating position with no work in the machine;

Figure 2 is a view in vertical section through the same machine in a plane parallel to Fig. 1, showing the mechanism for operating the feeder and my novel lower cutting blade, the section being taken in a plane adjacent the feeder.

Figure 3 is a view in elevation of my novel swinging presser foot arm and associated parts of the machine of Fig. 1, the parts being viewed from the side normally facing the head of the gn iachine, i. e., the opposite side to that seen in Figs. 4 and 5 are side elevations of the presser foot arm and lower cutting blade and feeder of F 1, the cutter and its immediate operating Claims. (Cl. 112-252) mechanism being shown in section in Fig. 4 and partly covered in Fig. 5, while in both figures the feeder is shown dotted. In Fig. 4, the feeder is shown elevated preparatory to moving the work forward, at which time the lower cutting blade is below the work plate. In Fig. 5 the feeder is shown lowered and retracted with the upper cutting blade stationary in its lower position and the lower cutting blade in its highest position.

Figure 6 is a detail view of the rocker arm which moves the lower cutting blade;

Figure 7 is a detail view of the lower cutting blade;

Figure 8 is a detail view of the upper cuttin blade;

Figure 9 is a mirror view in vertical elevation of a modified form of swinging presser foot arm and upper cutting blade mechanism, the parts being viewed frm the same side as in Fig. 3, with the up er cutting blade in its lowermost position;

Figure 10 is a plan view of the arm and associated parts of Fig. 9;

Figure 11 is a view in vertical elevation of the arm and associated parts of Figs. 9 and 10, viewed from the same side as the arm in Fig. 1. The cutting blade is again shown in its lowermost position;

Figure 12 is a view similar to Fig. 11, with the upper cutting blade raised preparatory to swinging the arm horizontally away from the work;

Figure 13 is a plan view of the foot and upper cutter blade of Figs. 1 to 12 with the feeder and work plate shown in phantom.

My improved chain stitch cutting mechanism is easily applicable to an existing sewing machine. In the embodiments illustrated I have shown a machine having the usual frame I and base 2. The curved needle 3 and associated sewing elements are mounted in the frame I and the usual interdigitating feed dog or feeder 4 is mounted on thebase 2 of the machine (see Fig. 13). The material being sewn moves from front to rear of the machine, i. e., from right to left, as shown in Fig. 1. The feeder and needle plate are surrounded by the usual work plate 5.

The machine can be driven by any of the usual drive shaft and feed gear mechanisms on the market. In the particular embodiment shown in the drawings, the main drive shaft is in line with the right hand of the two eccentric centers 6, 1

in the feed gear or feeder driving means shown near the bottom of Fig. l. The eccentricity of the right center 6 determines the vertical movement of the interdigitating feeder 4. This vertical movement is transmitted to the left-hand center 1 by a link 8 and thence by the second eccentric to the usual feeder carrier 9. The second eccen tric center 1 supplies the horizontal component of the interdigitating movement of the feeder 4.

The lower blade for my chain stitch cutter is driven from the feeder driving means so that the latter not only has its normal function of drivingthe feeder in its interdigitating movement but also operates the lower cutter in special timed relation to the feeder, as will be described hereinafter. V

The usual presser foot 10 of the sewing machine is carried on an arm I I pivoted "a't'therear of the machine near the level of ,the work plate 5. This presser foot is pivoted "at two points and can be moved both vertically and horizontally. It is pivoted at point 12 for movement vertically up and down with relation to the work plate. The arm is pivoted at right angles to the eflrstpoint at I3 .in order to permit the .foot and arm. to be swung horizontally away from the .;work and give access'tothe sewing; The "arm .11 is normally held above 'thefeederand against swinging on this'latterpo'int [[3 by the usual locking means 14 mounted on the'frame of the machine '(Fi'g. 1.). iThislocking means contains a release lever '15 which when pulled upwardly causes the latch l 6 .to' clear the presser foot arm so that the latter can be swung horizontally about'th'e pivot l3. l

Referring first to the embodiment of Figs. 1-8, it will be observed "that 'the'presser foot arm H .has a downwardly extending finger I! 'which e'ngages'the presser foo't at "a point intermediate .its ends in .apivotal manner. The .presserfoot is carried on this'finger I! by latch spring means 1'8 which forms no :part of my .invention. An upper cutter blade l9 "ofmy novel chain stitch cutting mechanism is mounted on the rear end of "the presser'fo'ot. The blade is shown by itself l in'Fig. 8 of the drawings. The point of attachment of the blade to the foot is by .meansof a screw taking into'the middle holeo'rpivotcenter 2U. The hole 2| at'theen'd of the blade is used :to apply power to oscillate th'e'bla'de about center 2D. The blade has a cutting'surface 22 extending from the .pivot center to a point near the free end and it will be. noted that. this end of "the bladeis bent'downwardlyfat 23. The dimensions of the blade are-such that the cutting of the Ichain :s'titche's normally occurs on apart of the cutting edge 22 which is not in'the bent end 23 oflthe blade. As can be seen in Fig. 3, the rear end of the foot 'enlarged'to form a wall to keep the upper cutter blade moving in the correct plane.

;I provide means'a'sso'ciate'd with the presser "foot "arm and controlled by the vertical movevjments of the foot itself to pivot "the blade below the foot as 'the'i'o'ot "d'esc'endsxto the work plate in contact "with the feeder ll when .there are no articles underneath the foot. In. this Way when the interdigitating movement of the feeder 4 brings-itdo'wn to 'theleve'lbfth'e work plate '5,

the upper cutter blade [9 will be below the foot blade 1'9 "is a lever 25 parallel to the presser foot arm. 'Thisfle'ver is kept a slight distance -ff-r'om the arm by means 'of'a spacer 26. This spacer 26is located between thepre'sser 'foo't'arm and the lever at the forward end of the arm,

the arm and lever being pivotally connected together at that point. This upper cuttin blade lever 25 is supported on a fixed pivot by a suspension bracket Zl carried on the frame of the machine. This suspension bracket is held in fixed relation to the head of the machine by a compression spring 28. The elevation of the bracket can be adjusted by means of .nuts 29.

When it is desired to swing the presser foot arm away from the sewing, the bracket 21 is pulled out from under the spring 28.

In the example shown in the drawings the point of attachment of the suspension bracket 21 to the-cutter blade lever 25 is between the pivotal connection of the lever with the presser arm I I and the point of attachment to the cutter blade itself, Thus the fixed pivot about which the lever. 25 oscillates is located forward of the rear end of the foot itself but rearwardly of the pivotal connection between the lever, and the presser arm. g V

The hole 2| in therear end of the upper cutter blade [9 is attached to the cutter blade lever 25 by-a swinging link 30. The rear or'free end of the lever 25 is connected to an upwardly extending lug 3| of the presser foot arm II by an adjustable tension "spring -32. This tension spring tends to pull the rear end of the lever 25 upwardly. It will be seen that when the rear end of the lever is raised relatively to the presser arm, the cutting surface 22 of the upper cutter blade Willbe swung'downwardly below the foot).

In order to understand the interaction of, the lever 25, the presser foot arm H, the spring32 and the suspension bracketZl, I have designated the fixed pivot between the suspension bracket and the lever 25 by thenumeral 33. Assuming that the pivot 33 and the pivot points l2 and 13 of the presser arm are fixed with relation'to each other, the key to the operationof the upper cutter blade l9 lies in the elevation'of the'presser foot. As the parts appear iniFigs. 1, 3 and 4, the 'presserfoct Ill is elevated above the level of the work plate 5. 'The foot issufiiciently near the fixed pivot point 33 of the upper cutter blade lever 25 so that the pivot center 20 of'the upper cutter blade i9 ,is inraised position relatively to the hole 2| in the end of the .cutter blade which is linked to the cutter blade lever: 25.

When the foot drops down to the level of the work plate as shown in Fig. 5, the presser foot arm will also be lowered. It will benoted that this swinging of the presser foot arm about its pivot l2 causes the pivotal connection between the arm and the lever 25 to be lowered relatively to the fixed pivot point 33 of the lever 25. The link 36 which fastens the operatingend of the cutter blade to the cutter blade lever 25 will therefore be raised relatively to the presserarm. Because the pivot point of the cutter blade is fixed with relation to the presser arm, the cut- V Jfixed pivot 33 of the lever 25 from the point of attachment of that lever 'to'the cutter blade, but is nearer to the fixed pivot 33 than the cutter blade. Any vertical movement of the foot and the presser foot arm is multiplied in the movement o the cutter blade. This plays its part in the "cutter blade advancing below the presser foot when the latter is lowered. t I I In the machine shown in Fig. 1, a fabric guard chain stitches are being formed. A second cutter 35 for cutting the edge of the material passing through the machine may also be provided if desired. The machine may also have a presser. foot lifter 36 which is for the purpose of raising the presser foot to allow the article bein Sewn to be inserted by the operator. This lifter 36 is effective to raise the foot onlywhileit is in its operative position shown in Fig. 1, but not.

if the foot is swung away from its work pivot III in a horizontal plane.

I will now describe the lower blade of my cutting means. I provide a lower chain stitch cutter blade 31 lying underneath the path of the chain stitches. This blade is reciprocated vertically by means actuating it in timed relation with the feeder. The two blades are of such dimensions that the reciprocatory movement of the lower blade causes cutting engagement with the upper blade only when the upper blade is below the foot. To move the lower blade I provide an element operated by the means which give the feeder 4 its interdigitating movement. In the drawings this element is a rocker arm 38. This arm causes operation of the lower cutter blade in synchronized relation with the interdigitating about -movement of the feeder, but the synchronism'is such that the lower cutter blade is raised to its highest position when the feeder is not in its most elevated position. Specifically, by the means which will now be described, the cutter blade is in its uppermost position just before the feeder begins its rearward movement. From the time "and the feeder therefore have the interdigitating .movement 'which serves to advance 'the .work

through the sewing machine.

work before the feeder starts moving the work to the rear, the lower face of the ear 39 on the feeder is so shaped that it will ride over the blade at the point 40 when the feeder is moving rearwardly. In this Way the feeder is assured of holding the work above the cutter blade while the fabric is being moved.

It will be noted from Fig. 7 that the end of the blade toward the frame of the machine is curved .upwardly. 'Thus the upper and lower cutter blades are curved toward each other on the side away from the feeder ear where the chain stitches are. These curvatures are sufficient so that whenever the upper cutter blade is down inits operative position, the=two blades enclose, the chain of stitches on that side regardless of the elevation of the lower blades. Referring now more particularly to Figs. 1 and 2, it will be noted that the feeder carrier 9 supports the feeder 4 itself. Both the carrier The rocker arm 38 which reciprocates the lower cutter blade 31 d is actuated by the feeder as follows. The rocker arm is pivotally mounted at in a knife box Referring specifically to 42 which guides the lower cutter blade 31 in its vertical movements. The rocker arm has an upper ear 43 engaging in a slot 44 in the blade so that when the rocker arm is oscillated about its center 4!, the blade is reciprocated up and down. The knife box is fixed in the base of the machine just back of the feeder and underneath the work plate 5. To move the rocker arm I provide a plunger 45 which passes through the lower end of the rocker and is pivoted to that lower end, the plunger lying horizontally and extending at its forward end into engagementwith the rear face of the feeder 4 at a point some distance below its top. The rear end of the plunger extends out beyond the box through an opening in the base (Fig. 2). There is a compression spring 46 around the plunger extending from the rocker arm through the opening in the base to the rear where it contacts a slide 41. This slide 4'! lying inside the base of the machine extends rearwardly into engagement with a setscrew 41a at the back of the base 2 (see Figs. 1 and 2). By means of adjusting the set-screw the exact position of the rocker arm. and blade can be changed. The feeder 4 in oscillating back and forth against the spring-pressed plunger 45 causes oscillation of the rocker arm 38. In this embodiment it will be seen that while there will be a slight vertical component of movement in the forward end of the plunger 45 as the rocker arm oscillates about its center, the plunger is always opposite a vertical face of the feeder 5.

As the interdigitating movement of the feeder takes place, the horizontal component of that movement will cause vertical reciprocation of the lower cutter blade 31. When the feeder is toward the front of the machine the lower cutter blade will be up, and as the feeder moves to the rear the cutter blade will be pulled down.

My novel chain stitch cutter will out the chain of stitches once for each interdigitating cycle of the feeder when the foot of the machine is down to the level of the work plate 5 owing to absence of work between the feeder and the foot.

'When there is no fabric under the foot the lower blade will open and permit the chain of stitches to be advanced one stitch for each cycle of movement of the feeder. In this way each stitch in the chain will be cut off individually and p0sitively as long as there is no fabric in the machine.

The preferred embodiment shown in Figs. 9 to 13 will now be described. It will be noted that the upper cutter blade is in its lowermost position below the foot whenever there is no work in the machine. It is occasionally desirable when there is no article in the machine to swing the foot and chain stitch cutter horizontally away to give access to the sewing. With standing lug 3| on the presser foot arm H the forward end of the lifter engages against the rear end of the upper cutter blade lever 25 to depress it." By depressing the rear end of the lever 25' thelink 55 will also be lowered.thus

raising the cutting surface 22 of the blade above p rases the rpresser foot. .It-willbe ,notedin Fig.8 that the pivot center 2B. of the cutter blade lies between the hole 2! to which the cutter blade 25 Lisattached by link 3% and the cutting edge 22. The blade is pivoted on the presser foot arm H (see Fig. 9). Thus when the link 39 moves down, the cutting edge of the blade moves up. Obviously, as long as the lifter 48 is in this raised position shown in Fig. 12, the presser foot -arm,ll' can be swung about its vertical pivot I3 freely to. give access to the sewing.

To keep the lifter -43 in its elevated position'I provide a spring-pressed pin 50 mounted horizontally'in the presser foot arm opposite 'a depending ear on the lifter. As can beseen'in Fig. 9, there is a spring blade 52 on the back sideof the presser foot arm ll tending topush the pin 5i? into the path of the depending ear When the litter is raised, the pin will underliethe ear and hold the lifter up. To lower the lifter the pin can be pushed back :out of the path of the ear, or the car can be so shaped as to push the pin out of its path by moderate downward pressure.

I also provide a roller 53 on the back side or "the lifter at which is adapted to touch the upper edge of the presser foot arm H when the lifter is inits downward position shown in Fig. 11.

. I also provide a set-screw 5 on the forward end of the lifter which governs the elevation of the rearend of the cutter blade lever 25 for any given position of the lifter 58. By means of this set-screw and the roller 53 it is possible to adjust the exact position of the upper cutter blade 19 when elevated by the lifter and also'the -po- ':sition of the cutter blade with the lifter down as shown in Fig. 11. This provides an adjustment for different thicknesses of fabric. The tension spring 32 keeps the rear end of the cutter blade lever 25' in .contact with the set-screw 5. at all times.

It might be noted that in the preferred embodiment of Figs. 9-13 I have shown a slightly different suspension link 55 for the cutter blade than is shown in Figs. l-8. This link transmits the vertical movements of the cutter blade lever 25' into the short reciprocatory arcuate movements of the end of the upper cutter blade 19. Therefore, in order to avoid any possibility of friction in the preferred embodiment I have made a cone-shaped opening 56 in the link to allow for the slight necessary swinging movement in the plane of the blade (Figs. 11 and 12).

Another feature of the embodiment of Figs. 9-13 is the wire spring 5? carried by the presser foot arm. The free end of this wire spring tends to keep the. upper cutter blade elevated, thus aiding the link 55 in its action.

In the embodiment'of Figs. 1-8 the wall 24 of the rear'end of the presser foot whichis adapted to hold the upper cutter'blade in proper cutting alignment with the lower cutter blade has to .have acurvilinear surface to take care of any possible pivotal movement of the foot. In the embodiment of Figs. 9-13 I haveshown a straight wall 58 formed as a depending ear on the presser foot arm. With this direct mounting of the wall on the arm, rather than the foot, the wall can present a flat surface to the upper cutter blade, improving the alignment of the blade. If desired, the relative pivoting between the presser foot farm and the cutter blade lever 25 can be limited in its maximum in both directions by .means of, the construction shown in Fig. 9. A

suspensionjbracket .59 presents a'lug 60 extending through :an opening in thetpresser foot arm.

It will be obvious that the dimensions of the lug ;and the opening 6 I will determine the maximum of the cutter'blade movement with-relation to the presser foot arma feature :whichis sometimes useful in connection with the lifter for raisingthe upper cutter blade when-itis desired toswing the presser arm and attached-elements away from the needles.

While my invention is particularlyusefulwhen doing chain stitchsewingof separate articles,--it

will be obvious that. it can also be used :when 7 sewing on continuous fabric orother work.

Iclaim: 1 V p 1. 'In a sewing machine having a, Qhain stitch cutter, a work plate, a presser foot andanzarm carrying the presser foot mounted one fixed pivot permitting -.movement of the foot toward and away from the work plate, in combination with an upper cutter bladepivotally. carried with the foot and arm, and means associated with the presser foot arm and operated by the vertical "movements of the foot alternately to pivot the .bladebelow the foot when the foot descends to the work plate, whereby the cutter blade engages the chain stitches when there is no work underneath the foot of the machine and raises the blade above the foot when the foot is raised from the workplate. 1

2-. In a sewing machine according to claim .1, the provision, in the means associated with the presser foot arm of a lever adapted to-oscillate about a stationary point intermediateits ends,

said lever being pivotally. connected "to the presser foot arm-at another point,-in combinationwith a spring attached tothe-presser foot arm'and the-lever tending to lower the foot when there is no work under it, whereby the upper zcutter blade is raised when the foot is raised by" work underneath it.

3. In a sewing machine according to claim'2, the provision of a bracketattached to the head of the machine to 'fix'the pivot point of the upper cutterblade lever and means associated with the bracket to adjust the vertical position of the bracket, whereby the amount of descent of, the foot required to pivot-the upper cutter blade below the foot can be adjusted.

. fi4.--In a sewing machine according to claim .1,

'cutter'blades toward each other, whereby guidmg of the chain stitches before cutting is fa cili-tated.

6. In a sewing machine having a chain-stitch cutter, a fabric feeder, a lower chain stitch cutter blade lying under the path ofthe chain stitches, means giving the feeder interdigitating movement and means connected to the cutter blade for reciprocating the latter vertically, said meansrbeing drivenby the horizontal component of :movement of the feederinterdigitating means, the components of movement of the interdigitat- 'ing means being such that the cutter blade is .adapted'to be in its highest position when the feeder is not at its highest elevation.

7. In a sewing machine according to claim 6, the inclusion in the reciprocating means for the cutter of an oscillating element so pivoted that the cutter blade is in its uppermost position just before the feeder begins its advancing movement. 8. In a sewing machine according to claim 1,

the provision in the means associated with the presser foot arm of a cutter blade lever adapted to oscillate about a stationary point intermediate its end, said lever being pivotally connected to the presser foot arm at another point, and a spring attached to the presser foot arm and the lever tending to lower the foot when there is no work under it, the spring being a tension spring and attached to the lever on the opposite side of the fixed pivot from the pivotal connection of the lever to the presser arm, whereby the absence or presence of work beneath the presser foot will cause lowering of the upper cutter blade to operating position below the foot or raising of the blade above the foot.

9. In a sewing machine according to claim 1, the provision in the means associated with the presser foot arm of a cutter blade lever adapted to oscillate about a fixed pivot intermediate its ends, said cutter blade lever being pivotally connected to the presser foot arm at another point, a spring attached to the presser foot arm and the cutter blade lever tending to lower the foot when there is no work under it, and a lifter pivoted on the presser foot arm adapted to swing the cutter blade lever about its fixed pivot, thereby raising the presser foot and the upper cutter blade with relation to the latter, in combination with a second pivot in the mounting of the presser arm permitting the arm to be swung horizontally; whereby the upper cutter blade can be fixedly held above the foot while swinging the foot horizontally away from the work plate.

10. In a sewing machine according to claim 9, the provision of a latch adapted to hold the lifter in position with the cutter blade raised.

11. In a sewing machine according to claim 1, the provision of a fabric feeder, a lower chain stitch cutter blade lying across the path of the chain stitches, and means actuated in timed relation with the feeder adapted to reciprocate the lower blade vertically, said two cutter blades being so dimensioned that the reciprocatory movement of the lower blade causes cutting engagement with the upper blade only when the upper blade is below the foot, in combination with a wall carried by the presser foot means adapted to press the upper cutter blade into lateral engagement with the lower blade.

12. In a sewing machine according to claim 1, the provision of a fabric feeder, a lower chain stitch cutter blade lying across the path of the chain stitches, and means actuated in timed relation with the feeder adapted to reciprocate the lower blade vertically, said two cutter blades being so dimensioned that the reciprocatory movement of the lower blade causes cutting engagement with the upper blade only when the upper blade is below the foot, in combination with means giving the feeder interdigitating movement and an element controlled by said feeder means operating the lower cutter blade in synchronized relation with the interdigitating movement of the feeder.

13. In a sewing machine according to claim 1, the provision of a fabric feeder, a lower chain stitch cutter blade lying across the path of the chain stitches, and means actuated in timed relation with the feeder adapted to reciprocate the lower blade vertically, said two cutter blades being so dimensioned that the reciprocatory movement of the lower blade causes cutting engagement with the upper blade only when the upper blade is below the foot, in combination with a rocker arm fixedly pivoted with relation to the work plate and adapted to cause the lower cutter blade to be raised to its highest position when the feeder is not at its most elevated position.

14. In a sewing machine according to claim 13, the provision of a plunger moved by the feeder to operate the rocker arm, in combination with a spring associated with the plunger and rocker arm, and screw-adjusting means adapted to adjust the elevation of the lower cutter blade.

15. In a sewing machine having a chain stitch cutter, a fabric feeder, a lower chain stitch cutter blade lying under the path of the chain stitches, means giving the feeder interdigitating movement and means connected to the cutter blade for reciprocating the latter vertically, said means being driven by the horizontal component of movement of the feeder interdigitating means, the components of movement of the interdigitating means being such that the cutter blade is adapted to be in its highest position when the feeder is not at its highest elevation, in combination with a rearwardly extending ear on the feeder located to one side of the path of the needle and the chain stitches but overlying one edge of the cutter blade, said car being of such length and shape as to be adapted when the feeder begins its rearward movement to hold the work above the cutter blade and to insure that the cutter blade is lowered.

FRANK VANADIA.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,831,501 Lutz Nov. 10, 1931 2,318,843 Enos May 11, 1943 

